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A major nerve injury can be devastating for the patient and full functional capability may never be regained, particularly when the injury occurs in adulthood. Conversely, children tend to recover much faster and experience better…

Osteoarthritis (OA), also known as age-related arthritis or degenerative joint disease, is the commonest form of joint disorder and can affect any of the body’s joints. As the hip is one of the body’s largest…

Chronic pain is a debilitating condition that affects millions of people each year across the world. Historically, pain has always been viewed as a purely biological process and psychological and social factors were considered irrelevant.…

A hospital-acquired infection (HAI) is any infection that originates from a stay in a medical facility. HAIs occur frequently and represent the most common adverse event among hospitalised patients. The highest incidence is seen in…

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare but serious adverse reaction seen in patients administered one of several drugs used to treat skeletal conditions (1-3). It is most commonly associated with bisphosphonate (BP), which…

While complications of airway management are surprisingly common, most are minor in nature. Major complications are rare, and although they have the potential to be life-threatening, they tend to result in morbidity rather than mortality (1-4).…

Pain is the commonest reason for a patient to visit their doctor, with around 25% of adults suffering from chronic pain at any one time, a figure that rises to around 50% in the over-65s.…

Injuries to the upper limbs can arise as the result of both disease processes, often associated with repetitive movements and wear and tear, and traumatic accidents. While many conditions can be treated successfully, the loss…

Muscles and tendons (collectively known as musculotendinous units), and nerves are soft tissues that are found throughout the body (see figure 1). Nerves electrically stimulate the muscles, which pull on tendons which move bones – this…

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the jaws is a well-known complication of radiation therapy to the head and neck. ORN is defined as an area of exposed necrotic bone in an area previously irradiated that fails to…